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[[Image:Translation.png|30px]] [[:fca:El primer antecedent de l'escriptura|(Català)]] [[:fde:Vom ursprung der schrift|(Deutsch)]] [[:fes:El primer antecedente de la escritura|(Español)]] [[:ffr:Les plus anciens précurseurs de l'écriture|(Français)]] [[:fro:Primul antecedent al scrierii|(Română)]] |
[[Image:Translation.png|30px]] [[:fca:El primer antecedent de l'escriptura|(Català)]] [[:fde:Vom ursprung der schrift|(Deutsch)]] [[:fes:El primer antecedente de la escritura|(Español)]] [[:ffr:Les plus anciens précurseurs de l'écriture|(Français)]] [[:fro:Primul antecedent al scrierii|(Română)]] |
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+ | |'''[[Two precursors of writing: plain and complex tokens|Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens]]''' |
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+ | |[[Denise Schmandt-Besserat]] |
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+ | [[Image:Two_Precursors_of_Writing_Figure_04.jpg|right|150px]] |
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+ | Before the Sumerian writing system—the first script ever developed—was invented at the end of the fourth millennium B.C., accounting was practiced in the ancient Middle East by means of small counters. These were small tokens modeled in clay in different shapes, each symbolizing a particular commodity. The token system consisted of two kinds of tokens—«plain" and "complex». |
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+ | [[Image:Translation.png|30px]] [[:fes:Dos precursores de la escritura: cuentas simples y complejas|(Español)]] |
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+ | |'''[[Reckoning before writing|Reckoning Before Writing]]''' |
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+ | |[[Denise Schmandt-Besserat]] |
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+ | [[Image:Reckoning_Before_Writing_Bulla_01.jpg|right|150px]] |
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+ | The tokens from Tepe Asiab may be considered an elaboration of a system of counting based on pebbles. The novelty was to use clay for the manufacture of the counters, permitting one to model the tokens into various shapes and to assign each form a particular meaning. Thus, the counters became a more precise memory aid since they not only conferred the quantity but also the specific nature of the commodities recorded. |
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Revision as of 15:41, 9 October 2011
![]() Horace Finaly (1871-1945) [1]
Political and economical proposals about the possibility for creating money and community wealth for everybody.
Publications by Escola Finaly (Books and documents)
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Collection Bullae
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