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| Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens
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| Denise Schmandt-Besserat
Before the Sumerian writing system—the first script ever developed—was invented at the end of the fourth millennium B.C., accounting was practiced in the ancient Middle East by means of small counters. These were small tokens modeled in clay in different shapes, each symbolizing a particular commodity. The token system consisted of two kinds of tokens—«plain» and «complex».
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| Reckoning Before Writing
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| Denise Schmandt-Besserat
The tokens from Tepe Asiab may be considered an elaboration of a system of counting based on pebbles. The novelty was to use clay for the manufacture of the counters, permitting one to model the tokens into various shapes and to assign each form a particular meaning. Thus, the counters became a more precise memory aid since they not only conferred the quantity but also the specific nature of the commodities recorded.
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| The Power of Money
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| Martí Olivella i Solé
Book when it studies currency and money along the history and its transformations like basic elements for consecution of a more just society and with less corruption and poverty.
(Català) (Español) (Italiano)
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| The History of Community Capitalism
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| Agustí Chalaux i de Subirà
Communication presented/displayed by Agustí Chalaux i de Subirà Saturday, 17 of February of 2001, in the seat of the Randa Foundation, in where the history of Capitalism is explained comunitari, its disappearance in please the monopoly of deprived Capitalism, and a proposal of the Nobel prize de Economy of the 1988, Maurice Allais, who can make resurge it.
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